Is Geographic Access And Customer Experience Sectors Of...

Introduction A recent initiative has been ever more prevalent in the research regarding a populations food-related health outcomes, due to certain trends becoming more and more salient. The buzz word is â€Å"Food Environment†, and what it refers to is the geographic food access, and the consumer experience of food 1. More specifically, geographic access can be thought of as the quantity, nature, and accessibility of food channels, whereas factors relating to food availability, price and quality of goods, and how food and beverage items are promoted have been described as constituting consumer experience 2. Furthermore, the home, school, and work food-environments are also important aspects of dietary influence for the population 3, and thus must be included in the implementation of intervention strategies. For the purpose of this paper however, the spotlight is put on factors related to the aforementioned geographic access and customer experience sectors of food environment, as they are w ithin scope of the ultimate targeted intervention. While all of the above factors attempt to objectively assess a food environment, it is also important to put it in the context of the neighbourhood itself. The body of research literature that currently exists regarding strategies to improve food environment through improved geographic access and consumer experience can be further categorized into a few different stratum. These sects are broadly categorized as; strategies aimed at retail foodShow MoreRelatedCatchment Area4669 Words   |  19 Pagesdefined as the area /zone of the city from which the customers come into for shopping from a particular store. Catchment analysis pre launch would ideally decide the product mix and formats of the stores. 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Popular household ice cream brands under Nestlà © include Hà ¤agen-Dazs, Movenpick and Dreyer’sRead MoreTourism and Hospitality Business - Feasibility Study - Spain4897 Words   |  20 Pages Destination and Sector Report - Spain | An insight into Spain as a tourism destination: Will it be one of the most sought after destinations in the near future? – An analysis and feasibility study | | Raaghav Murugappan | Due Date - 18/11/2012 | ID Number – 000001185 Course – Hospitality and Tourism Business Course Code – BUSS101 Lecturer – Mr. Christopher Simon Dutt | Table of Contents Executive Summary ii 1. 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(1.1) M1 1.1 Marketing Marketing is the process to find out the needs, wants and the customers’ demands so that the customers will be satisfied after using that product. The process of discovering and translating consumer needs and wants into product and service specification, creating demand for these product and services, and then in turn expanding this

Finding Forrester - 726 Words

Jamal is Innocent In the movie, Finding Forrester, Jamal meets a man by the name of William Forrester. By the fault of Jamal, Forrester acquires Jamal’s journal which were full of his writing. Forrester, a renowned author, corrected Jamal’s work by adding his own thoughts. After Jamal’s journals were returned to him, he began working on his writing with Forrester. At the same time, he was offered the opportunity to play basketball at a private school. No one at the school believed Jamal had any academic capabilities; they only believed he was there to play basketball. One of his teachers even went as far as to accuse Jamal of plagiarism. However, Jamal Wallace is innocent of plagiarism because he demonstrates a high level of†¦show more content†¦On reason why Jamal is innocent is because he demonstrated integrity by not giving away William Forrester’s identity. Someone who demonstrates that level of integrity and does not sacrifice anothe r to save himself is one who would not cheat in school. Additionally, everyone at the private school was unfair to him. No one believed that he was there for anything other than basketball, so they didn’t take him seriously as a student. He is also innocent because of his intelligence. He has a very good vocabulary from reading a lot of books and he likes to write. Overall, one can see that Jamal Wallace is a well-rounded student who does not need to plagiarize hisShow MoreRelatedFinding Forrester1735 Words   |  7 PagesFinding Forrester: An Analysis Introduction Finding Forrester is one of the best movies to come out during its time. It was focused on the story of boy who is looking for a role model and finding it in the most unexpected place and the most unexpected person. The movie tells about the journey not just of Jamal Wallace but also of the journey of William Forrester especially during the last few years of his life. It was a story that presented life in its beginning and its ending and how the two areRead MoreFilm Analysis : Finding Forrester1447 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Henry once said, The eyes shout what the lips fear to say. In the movie Finding Forrester, the director, Gus Van Sant, chose to use eyes as a motif. Throughout the analysis of eyes, one can conclude that the director embedded this element into the movie in order to reveal the characters’ inner emotions and to reveal character development. Throughout the course of the movie there are several instances in which eyes and eye contact reveal affection and admiration. For example, when JamalRead MoreFilm Analysis : Finding Forrester1274 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Forrester (Sean Connery), a famous author who turns out being a hermit states,  ¨you must write your first draft with your heart. You rewrite with your head. The first key to writing is... to write, not to think† (Finding Forrester (2000)). A powerful quote to that accurately depicts the powerful storyline of 2000 drama film, Finding Forrester. Set in modern-day New York City, Jamal Wallace (Rob Brown), a sixteen-year-old child genius is faced with the challenge of choosing academics or playingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Finding Forrester 1234 Words   |  5 PagesIn the movie Finding Forrester, Jamal Wallace is in need of a mentor. William Forrester, an older man in his neighbour, has found himself hiding from society and trusting no one. As Jamal spends time with Forrester his writing quality increases dramatically, as does Forrester’s trust. Jamal shows him that trust can be found in the least expected relationships. As Forrester learns to trust Jamal, their relationship grows stronger and stronger. In Finding Forrester, one can see that trust is the keyRead More Finding Friendship in the film Finding Forrester Essay examples582 Words   |  3 PagesFinding Friendship in the Film Finding Forrester In Finding Forrester a movie that takes place in the Bronx, there are two main characters, William Forrester and Jamal Wallace who find friendship in an unlikely way because of their passion for reading and writing. Though both are very different from each other they are drawn together by similar interests. 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In Finding Forrester composed by Gus Van Sant, The poem, â€Å"Then and Now†, by Oodgeroo of the Tribe Noonuccal and the article on Mahatma Gandhi by Ravi Kumar we fin d that conflict manifests itself into Inner, Moral and Socio-economic forms, amongst others. Ben Okri, the famous Nigerian novelist states â€Å"A man’s greatest battles are the ones he fights within† In the film â€Å"Finding Forrester† William Forrester shows us his inner conflict as he creates a utopiaRead MoreReaction Paper on Finding Forrester814 Words   |  4 Pages Finding Forrester. I’d never heard of this movie before that was why I had no idea of what it was all about. The word â€Å"Forrester† made me think of a native person living in the forest, so I thought the movie was all about finding that person. I became excited because I expected it to be some kind of action or speculative fiction movie, but I was wrong. When I played the movie, the first scene I saw was the rap part. I thought I was watching the wrong one, I even texted one of my blockmates to clarifyRead MoreEssay about Finding Forrester729 Words   |  3 PagesFinding Forrester Assignment 1. Jamal refused to recite the poem and say he has not read it because; he did not want his friends to make fun of him. 2. Jamal turned to reading and writing after his father abandoned his family because, he knew that learning things to make him smarter will help him become a better person when older, so he would not do something like this which his father did. 3. When Jamal finds his backpack in the street he discovers comment in red ink in his journalsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Of Finding Forrester1316 Words   |  6 Pagestake a close look at how the American schools as the intermediaries responsible for exchanging and building capital play their roles in the cycle of social reproduction. Specifically, this paper exanimates the role of schools in the film of Finding Forrester, through the case of the film’s main character, Jamal Wallace. First part of the paper provides the background information regarding main cultural capital and social capital that Jamal possesses and lays down the foundation for later discussions

The War Zone Essay Example For Students

The War Zone Essay The War Zone is a poem written by Joy Harjo. In the poem Harjo used a stylistic approach where she builds up the emotions of the reader then give them a sigh of relief at the end. She describes a scene that is smoky and dark. She fills the reader with intensity and pressure. And then at the end she writes-We go on. That last line just fills the reader with a sigh of relief. As we have discussed in class this poem was written in December 1999 in a situation when everyone was feeling a bit worried and uneasy. A situation brought upon by the Y2K scare, which had everyone thinking that the world was coming to an inevitable end as soon as the clock strikes 12:00. Then when the time came, nothing happened and many of us felt silly for getting all worked up about it. But that was just for a while and then we moved on with our lives, which was what Harjo meant: We go on. However, this poem, and especially that last line, goes beyond that situation with the Y2K. It is what life is all about: change. Things will come up and some of it can be positive and some are not. But we cannot dwell on it for too long. At some point, we just have to pick it up and run with it. Struggles will come but they also go. They have in the past and Im sure it will be the same for the situation we are in right now. Its an old story, but we can change the ending by how we react and deal with it. We should not let these things scare us into living in fear, or even worse, let them stop us from living our lives. This line or quote is what contemporary literature is all about. We might be all worn out and beat up by life, but we are still strong enough to move one. Yesterday might be smoky and today might be dark, but tomorrow doesnt have to be headed to a doom. We control how our tomorrow is going to be as long as we dont give up.

Antigone Essay Thesis Example For Students

Antigone Essay Thesis ee cummings once said, to be nobody but yourself in a world which is doing its best, night and day, to make you everybody elsemeans to fight the hardest battle which any human being can fight. That quotation is exemplified in many works of literature, but the opposite is too. No matter what people try to be or not to be, they dont always succeed. For example, in the play, Antigone, by Sophocles, the character, Antigone displays the idea of being her own person, but Creon displays the opposite of that. In the prologue, Antigone tells Ismene that she will do whatever she wants pertaining to their brother, whether or not Ismene agrees and wants to do the same. Antigone tells Ismene, If that is what you think, I should not want you, even if you asked to come. You have made your choice, you can be what you want to be. Antigone displays ee cummings thought. The gods want her to think and act a certain way #61485; their laws #61485; but she has her own belief that her brother, Polyneices, should be buried and his spirit should have the proper life, instead of being punished. Even if he was brave, he should be punished. But Antigone doesnt believe in that. No matter what the consequences, she fights it and does what she thinks is right. Creon, the king of Thebes, exhibits cummings idea. Kings are always supposed to be these big, mighty, terrors that triumph over all and tell their kingdom what to do. Even if Creon did not want to commit someone to demise, he would, because thats what hes supposed to do. Creon may be trying to stray from being everyone else, and be his own person, but hes not succeeding. He is what everyone else wants him to be: a controller over everyone. Creon believes that, this is his command, and you can see the wisdom behind it. As long as he is King, no traitor is going to be honored with the loyal man. But whoever shows by word and deed that he is on the side of the State, he shall his Creons respect while he is living, and his reverence when he is dead (Scene 1, line 38).But he doesnt follow through on that statement. If Creon were to commit someone to his death, he would not give him respect when hes dead. If a citizen were to commit a wrongdoing, Creon would punish them no matter what. The refore, Creon is an example of ee cummings quotation. Clearly, throughout this work, one can see the various ways in which characters act. They may be their own person, or conform to the rest. Some succumb to the pressure of others, some can resist it. The only question is, whos who? Is the character who they appear to be, or are they just one among the rest?English

Socialism Essays - Thought, Political Philosophy, Politics

Socialism The term socialism is commonly used to refer both to an ideology a comprehensive set of beliefs or ideas about the nature of human society and its future desirable state--and to a state of society based on that ideology. Socialists have always claimed to stand above all for the values of equality, social justice, cooperation, progress, and individual freedom and happiness, and they have generally sought to realize these values by the abolition of the private-enterprise economy (see CAPITALISM) and its replacement by "public ownership," a system of social or state control over production and distribution. Methods of transformation advocated by socialists range from constitutional change to violent revolution. ORIGINS OF SOCIALISM Some scholars believe that the basic principles of socialism were derived from the philosophy of Plato, the teachings of the Hebrew prophets, and some parts of the New Testament (the S ermon on the Mount, for example). Modern socialist ideology, however, is essentially a joint product of the 1789 French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in England--the word socialist first occurred in an English journal in 1827. These two great historical events, establishing democratic government in France and the conditions for vast future economic expansion in England, also engendered a state of incipient conflict between the property owners (the bourgeoisie) and the growing class of industrial workers; socialists have since been striving to eliminate or at least mitigate this conflict. The first socialist movement emerged in France after the Revolution and was led by Francois BABEUF, Filippo Buonarrotti (1761-1837), and Louis Auguste BLANQUI; Babeuf's revolt of 1796 was a failure. Other early socialist thinkers, such as the comte de SAINT-SIMON, Charles FOURIER, and Etienne CABET in France and Robert OWE N and William Thompson (c.1785-1833) in England, believed in the possibility of peaceful and gradual transformation to a socialist society by the founding of small experimental communities; hence, later socialist writers dubbed them with the label utopian. THE EMERGENCE OF MARXISM In the mid-19th century, more-elaborate socialist theories were developed, and eventually relatively small but potent socialist movements spread. The German thinkers Karl MARX and Friedrich ENGELS produced at that time what has since been generally regarded as the most sophisticated and influential doctrine of socialism. Marx, who was influenced in his youth by German idealist philosophy and the humanism of Ludwig Andreas FEUERBACH, believed that human beings, and particularly workers, were "alienated" in modern capitalist society; he argued in his early writings that the institution of private property would have to be completely abolished bef ore the individual could be reconciled with both society and nature. His mature doctrine, however, worked out in collaboration with Engels and based on the teachings of classical English political economy, struck a harder note, and Marx claimed for it "scientific" status. The first important document of mature MARXISM, the COMMUNIST MANIFESTO (1848), written with Engels, asserted that all known human history is essentially the history of social classes locked in conflict. There has in the past always been a ruling and an oppressed class. The modern, or bourgeois, epoch, characterized by the capitalist mode of production with manufacturing industry and a free market, would lead according to Marx and Engels to the growing intensity of the struggle between capitalists and workers (the proletariat), the latter being progressively impoverished and as a result assuming an increasingly revolutionary attitude. Marx further asserted, in his most famou s work, Das KAPITAL, that the capitalist employer of labor had, in order to make a profit, to extract "surplus value" from his employees, thereby exploiting them and reducing them to "wage-slavery." The modern state, with its government and law-enforcing agencies, was solely the executive organ of the capitalist class. Religion, philosophy, and most other forms of culture likewise simply fulfilled the "ideological" function of making the working class contented with their subordinate position. Capitalism, however, as Marx claimed, would soon and necessarily grind to a halt: economic factors, such as the diminishing rate of profit, as well as the political factor of increasing proletarian "class consciousness" would result in the forcible overthrow of the existing system and its immediate replacement by the "dictatorship of the proletariat." This dictatorship would soon be superseded by the system of socialism, in which private

How to Become a Professional Speech Writer and Use Such a Skill in Adult Life

How to Become a Professional Speech Writer and Use Such a Skill in Adult Life How to Become a Professional Speech Writer and Use Such a Skill in Adult Life A professional speech writer creates powerful and memorable speeches that captivate the audience and inspire others to take action. Public speaking is a great tool and can be used to effectively communicate new ideas, provide with some crucial information, and connect emotionally with the audience. Because of this, professional speech writing is a service that many public speakers rely on. Over the course of this article, youll learn how to write a speech at a professional level. Structure Your Presentation While writing a speech, you should try to structure it to be as concise and understandable as possible. The main goal of public speaking is not to show off or impress others with large vocabulary, but to convey the information in the way that people can understand it. Using simple language as well as sentences will help you communicate the main point easily. Moreover, being precise while speaking is quite useful skill not only while speaking in front of the audience, but also in your daily life. Being able to simplify a complex idea and explain it clearly is the key aspect of effective communication. It provides people with all the key information, without bogging them down in unnecessary details. Hook the Audience Simple language doesnt have to be boring or feel mundane. In fact, the best speeches captivate the audience by using memorable words and phrases. Good speech writers will often repeat key words or phrases throughout their speeches to highlight how important these issues are. Repetition is a good way to hook the audience as well as make it to remember the message. Quotable words and phrases are also good speech devices, since they can often sum up your entire speech in one or two memorable sentences. You can use these tactics in your regular life as well. Using memorable phrases during the daily communication, or while the job interview makes you stick to the listeners mind. Inject Emotion and Be Vivid In good speeches, words are used to paint a vivid picture of what the speaker is talking about. They mentally transport the listeners to the exact situation, and let them visualize the message. By injecting emotions and descriptive phrases into your speech, you turn the mere information into the vivid one, so, you make it almost impossible for the audience to get bored. They will be engrossed in your message for sure. Being able to speak emotionally is a great skill to use in your daily life. It will help you make new friends easily as well as apply for a job without making any efforts. Remember that great speech writers craft informative messages that keep the audiences attention from the very beginning till the very end. And now you know how to force people listen to you with open mouths. Doing so will make your speeches more persuasive and effective once theyre delivered.

Latin America Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin America Politics - Research Paper Example The Economic circumstances declined quickly all through his management, the chief achievement of which, and determined public-works program, was attained by hovering huge loans overseas. A delayed period of fighting and strife followed Machado's defeat, with recurrent adjustments of government. All through this period the United States established a variety of measures, with abrogation of the Platt Amendment, in an attempt to calm the accepted conflict on the island. The dissemination in 1940 of a new establishment gave in further to the decrease of political anxiety. In December 1941 the Cuban government confirmed war on Germany, Japan, and Italy; as a result it became a charter member of the United Nations (UN) during 1945. (emayzine.com) The Cuban revolution initiated with the resistance for equality beside the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista. A country whose financial systems with the political system were conquered by the US interests, the insurgency was also a fight back for democracy in the sagacity of endearing the right of the Cuban nation to act as an autonomous power and shape its own future. Unlike the case in other states, which invariably criticize Cuba for being autocratic, the voter turn-out in Cuba is soaring. (Cubasolidarity.org) Cuba has opposed The political development of Cuba: Cuba has opposed and will persist to oppose the power of those who have hoped to conquer the island nation for more than four and a half decades. In order to accomplish this, Cuba depends upon its olden times, civilization and culture, a little that is totally and neutrally dissimilar of the other nations, this in spite of the accessible internal situation that act as a propagation ground for the propagation of discordant and naughty exercises of the enemy. The fragmentation of the agreement of the Cuban community is the foremost purpose of the domain and its legislature. Alongside their ideological defence, now of a lot more strong nature, they proclaimed the emergency of Marxism, the ending of the history, and the demise of beliefs. They encouraged perceptions like human rights plus civil society, both of course in terms of their bourgeoisie perceptions. (Luz Marina, 2004) The Two mid consistent issues worry the board on politics: the trouble of democratic system, that is, its non-existence within Cuba; and the principle that Cuba's present government, its existing form of government, is not channelized, that it is temporary( Mauricio Solan , 1999)The economic development of Cuba over the years: Cuba has a twofold economy, with two different systems working side by side. The communist peso economy applies to most Cubans, providing them with free education, free health care, widespread employment, unemployment reward, disability and retirement settlement and the essential necessities of life: rations lodging, utilities and some entertainment at very little cost. The free-market polarized financial system functions within the tourist, worldwide and export divisions, and significantly maintains the Marxist economy. The Cuban Government persists to hold on to communist principles in systematizing its state-controlled financial system. Most of the resources of

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 46

Leadership - Essay Example He must use his power to fix things in accordance with the ethical standards. Moral courage is one of the many characteristics a leader must possess because if he lacks moral courage, he will never be able to take a positive step for those working under his leadership. Moral courage serves as the backbone of leadership. In a corporate setting, moral courage serves as the strength of character which allows the leader to lead his people without any fear of anyone or anything. When a leader is practicing moral courage, he has the guts to stand for his subordinates when needed, fight against injustice and suggest fair rewards and punishments. If an organization possess a leader who does not take righteous actions and decisions when required then the organization is likely to experience failure. We agree that it is a commander who leads a regiment and any failure on the part of regiment actually represents the poor leadership skills and lack of moral courage of the commander. If a leader can differentiate between right and wrong accurately and can raise a voice against the injustice going on regarding the policies, procedures and structures within an organization, only then he can bring about positive change in the culture as well as in the mindset of people. But it is really essential for a leader practicing moral courage that he must think and act within the ethical boundaries laid down by the organization. Sometimes the actions made by leaders in the name of moral courage allow those working under them to emulate them thereby setting a trend. This trend could be positive or negative. For instance, in the case study ‘Darker Shades of Blue’, Lt. Col. Holland gave a great flying performance for his 1993 Fairchild air show where he exceeded the technical order guidance thrice. The juniors who have seen Holland flying the way he likes by ignoring the defined guidance

Change management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Change management - Assignment Example Convincing them to see the advantages of the technology, especially information technology can be a hard thing for them, unfortunately, for managers it is all about money and they want to know that every investment they make will have a return to the firm in the form of profits (Dawson, 2015). In this regard, it is easier for a proposal to increase the machinery to gain support and financing from the managers than a proposal to create a new IT system. To make the situation even worse, IT projects do not always have a direct return of investment and it is always hard for the return in investment to be measured in terms of economic returns (Calleam.com, 2013). The main returns that can be achieved from IT investments are efficiency, happier customers, better management of information and other related advantages. These are very hard to measure in term of fiscal numbers. Because of this, it becomes very hard to convince the managers that the IT system will be useful to the firm and that it is a worthy investment (ECameron, Inc, 2011). Yet, without the support of the managers both in terms of the financing and the support to have the organization accept the new system, this can be a big barrier to the success of the project. Employees’ resistance is also another thing that has to be considered. This is especially with regard to change. According to Meliorate (2013), many people are afraid of change because they see it as a risk as opposed to seeing it as an opportunity. The fear of change is even more amplified when Information Technology is the one in consideration. Many employees may look at the project as a potential risk to their jobs (Creech, 2011). This will be caused by a number of factors . First, in the past, it has become evident that IT system can and do replace employees. Because of this, employees may feel that they may end up being victimized by being laid

String Definition And Concatenation Of Strings

String Definition And Concatenation Of Strings For this mini group project, me and my partner have been given a project title to be discussed which is string definition, null string and length, concatenation of strings, substring, and also languages and natural languages. This topic is the subtopics from the main chapter 3 which is Sequences and String. From this chapter basically this chapter help student especially in the application of computer programming. In this era of information technology humans have been doing math and physics for a long time until now in such from the geometry and logic of the Greek era of the Mediterranean, the numeracy of the Hindus in India, and also the development of algebra by Islamic scholars in Baghdad, until to the explosion of knowledge and learning in Europe after the invention of movable type. In 1970s, the string theory was born. Three particle theorists have been independently realize that the dual theories developed in 1968 to describe the particle spectrum. The quantum mechanics of oscillating strings also have been described. Thus it marks the official birth of string theory. Moreover, string theory is the leading candidate theory of quantum gravity. In fact, there are several consistent variants and they all have the certain common features. The most obvious are the replacement of point particles by strings and the six extra curled-up space-time dimensions. Thus, due to their extra mathematical origin, these distinct string theories can admit very and various different mathematical descriptions. Besides that, from the research, it says that the string currently know it there is not much indication that string theory is discrete. Strings can be described as the continuous loops in space. But, there has been some interesting work by Susskind and others which does seem to suggest that string theory could be discrete. As for the early conclusion, string theory has produced derivations of mathematical theories like toric geometry and K-theory, and a host of string-motivated conjectures in virtually every field of mathematics. Whatever its the inevitability of string theory as a mathematical theory of the highest order is hard to dispute. In light of this, perhaps we should turn Wigners remark around and marvel instead at the unreasonable effectiveness of string theory in mathematics. INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH All of mathematics, as well as subjects that rely on mathematics, such as computer science and engineering, always make use of functions, sequences and string and also relations. And nowadays, most modern computer programs are represented by finite sequences of characters. String definition From the book, it says that finite sequences of the form a1, a2, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, an are called strings. Strings are normally restricted to sequences composed of symbols drawn from a finite alphabet, and are often indexed from 0 or 1. A string is just a finite sequence where S is a set of characters. Strings denoted by putting the characters together, for the example 12345. Besides that, strings are the fundamental object of computer science. Everything discrete can be described as a string of characters. Decimal numbers: 1010230824879 Binary numbers: 011101010111 String Notation A string notation can be described as a string which is a finite sequence of 0 or more letters in some pre-set alphabet ÃŽÂ £. For example decimal numbers: ÃŽÂ £ ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} and for binary numbers: ÃŽÂ £ = {0,1}. Null string and length The unique string with no elements is called null string, will represented the lambda symbol l . Its length is zero: |l| = 0. Besides that, null string also be known as empty string which the string with no elements. Either way, the length of a finite string is just its number of terms (or of distinct indices). The length |s| of a finite string s is its number of positions which is the number of index values i. Concatenation of strings, substring The operation which be known as concatenation which is concatenation of two strings and it is formed by joining two end-to-end. We can say that the concatenation of the strings book and case is the string bookcase. In discrete mathematics we often use the concatenation of two strings such as a and b which the operation on strings consisting of writing a and followed by b to produce a new string of ab. Next is the concatenation of two or more numbers is the number formed by concatenating their numerals. For example, the concatenation of 1, 234, and 5678 is 12345678. The value of the result depends on the numeric base, which is typically understood from the context. For substring, given a group G of order g, then let U denote the set of all ordered multi-sets of elements of G. This will let V denote the subset of U consisting of multi-sets with exactly g components, and let A denote the subset of V consisting of multi-sets of exactly g distinct components. Languages and natural languages In information technology (IT), especially in computer programming, we are sometimes required to process a language. So, basically from discrete mathematics we will learn the concept of languages in a systematic way. For example, a compiler is a software that can translate a computer program written in a particular language into another language which is usually into a machine language. While for natural language processing is a study of how to produce the computer software that is capable of understanding natural language. We start with the 26 characters A-Z, and string them to form a word. Thus, the language will consist of a collection of such words. RESULT OF THE RESEARCH STRING DEFINITION A string over X, which X is such a finite set that is a finite of a sequence of element X Let, X = {a, b, c} and then we let: a = ccabbb this is a string over X and than the string will be written notation ccabbb = c2ab3 String is a sequence and the order is taken. The example that can we see is the string given accbbb that is different from the string ccabbb even that has same value but it is still different because of the order. In internet (computer science) Let ÃŽÂ £ be an alphabet, a non-empty finite. A string over ÃŽÂ £ is any finite sequence of characters from ÃŽÂ £. For example; If ÃŽÂ £ = {0, 1}, then 0101 is a string over ÃŽÂ £ From both example given, we can see that in computer science also use, that it is same but just difference in using the symbol of X and ÃŽÂ £. NULL STRING The null string also known as empty set that is the string with no elements .It is denoted by letter l (lambda). It has length zero. We also denote X* is the set of all string over X and also denote X+ is the set of all non-null string over X. Let, X* = {all strings over X including l} Example1: Let X= {3, 4} Some elements in X* are: 44, 33, 43, 4433, 4, 3, 44034343, l Example2: Let X = {b, c} Some of element in X* are: c, b, bcbc, b40c4bc, l For X+ we Let X+ = X* {l}, the set of all non-null strings over X. LENGTH OF STRING The length of a string a is the number of elements of a and that it is denoted by |a|. If a = a2bc3 or aabccc then |a| = 6. If |yet|=3, |another|=7, |usage|=5, |pipe|=4, |symbol|=6. CONCATENATION OF STRING Concatenation of two strings a and b is the operation on strings consisting of writing a followed by b and it produce ab a = bbaccc and b = caaba, Then, ab = bbaccccaaba = b2ac4a2ba Clearly, |ab| = | a| + |b| In computer programming String concatenation is the operation of joining two end to end. Example: The strings beach and ball may be concatenated to give beachball. First example: The following expression use the + symbol as the concatenation operator to join 2 strings: Print hi, + dear; produces the concatenated string hi, dear by joining those 2 strings Second example, (wet+land) is equals to (wetland). It shows that concatenation can be achieved with the + string operator. LANGUAGE AND NATURAL LANGUAGE Let B = {2, 3};- The example is languages over B: L1 = {2, 23, 233, 2333,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦} L2 = {2m3m | m > 0} L3 = {2m3n | m > 0, n > 0} Suppose that B is a set of alphabet. That it is define a language L over B is a collection of strings over X.A language L is simply a subset of A. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS As for the conclusions, this topic of sequence and string help both of us to think and link what we have learnt in the module of discrete mathematics within computer science and information technology. From this topic we have doing research about string definition, null string and length, concatenation of string, substring, languages and also natural languages. By doing this mini project we have investigated that the applications of this topic in discrete mathematics involve in the areas of computer science and IT. Nowadays, most modern computer program are represented by finite sequences of characters. We therefore need to develop the algebraic way such as string for handling such finite sequences. Moreover, this string topic is important to be learned by the student as it much involve in the application of computer programming. In computer programming, essentially, the string is a sequence of characters which is generally understood as a data type usually storing data values usually bytes. The elements usually stand for characters according to a character encoding, which will differentiates it from the other general array data type. Thus, the terms binary string and byte string are used to suggest strings in which the stored data does not necessarily represent text. While in discrete mathematics we learn string as mathematical structures. As we have doing our research on this topic, we can see that this topic involve much in the application of computer programming. As both of us are from science computer course, we can apply what we have learned in discrete mathematics into our application programming. Finally for the recommendations to improve more this topic which is Sequence and String, both of us have think that while in the lectures student should given more detail and explanation of string involving the subtopics of null string and non null string. Moreover, deep explanation about the function of language and natural languages in string also will help much the student to understand more this topic, apply it in the programming skills, and can do well in our final examination. The benefit of doing this mini project is both of can develop our understanding of the concepts and the applications of discrete mathematics through experiences which enable both us to explore more and model a variety or real-world situations. Special thanks to our lecturer Prof Dr. Haslina which have help both of us in giving the guidelines to do well for this our discrete mathematics mini project.

Abortion is Morally Wrong Essay -- Pro Life Pro-Life

Abortion is Morally Wrong Abortion, the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life, can either be spontaneous or induced. It is called "the knowing destruction of the life of an unborn child." (Mass General Laws Chapter 112 Section 12K) When abortion occurs spontaneously, it is called a miscarriage. However, when the loss of a fetus is caused intentionally, it is regarded as a moral issue. Abortion destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children and is illegal in many countries. An estimate of 1.2 million are performed each year. In retrospect, an estimate 38,010,378 innocent children were aborted since 1973 when the process was legalized. Abortion is a simple and safe procedure if it is done by trained medical workers during the first trimester. There are four different techniques utilized during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. Suction aspiration, also known as vacuum curettage, is the most common surgical means of abortion. This is when a powerful suction tube with a sharp cutting edge is inserted into the womb through the dilated cervix. The suction dismembers the body of the developing baby, tearing the placenta from the wall of the uterus, and sucking blood, amniotic fluids, placental tissue, and fetal parts into a bottle. Although it is one of the safer methods, there are still frequent complications such as infection and tearing of the uterus, causing hemorrhaging. Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) is another surgical process involving the insertion of a loop shaped steel knife to cut the baby’s body into pieces. The placenta is then scraped off the uterine wall. There is a higher risk of infection with D&C and greater blood loss than with Suction aspiration. RU 486 and Methotrexate are two similar types of chemical abortion. RU 486 is a pill that can be taken orally only during the five to nine week period. Three trips must be made to the abortion clinic. In the first, the RU 486 pill is administered after a physical examination. During the 2nd, 36 - 48 hours later, the woman is given a dose of artificial prostaglandins initiating uterine contractions. This causes the embryonic baby to be expelled from the uterus. The third visit, about two weeks later, can determine whether the abortion has been completed or if further surgery is necessary. Methotrexate is administered by intramuscular injection. It... ...ined that abortion is morally wrong and destructive in all circumstances. God, the ultimate creator who decides the fate of all humans who come into existence, is the only One with the ability to choose life or death for His people. For us to make this decision ourselves, we are taking dominion over God and disregarding the Predestination that He intends for each living person. Works Cited Fettner, Ann Giudici. Abortion. Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia. 2008. Hope and Healing. Massachusetts Citizens for Life. Elliot Institute, 2007. Levy, Robert J. Abortion. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. 1993-2009. Pro Life Reference Journal. Massachusetts Citizens for Life. Massachusetts Citizens for Life. 2008 Schwarz, Dr. Stephen. The Moral Question of Abortion. [Online] Available: http://www.ohiolife.org/mqa/13-5.htm. Unknown. Abortion Techniques: Suction Aspiration. [Online] Available: http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/asmf4.html. Unknown. Is Abortion Safe: Physical Complications. [Online] Available: http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/asmfl3.html Unknown. Over 38 Million Abortions in U.S. since 1973. [Online] Available: http://www.nrlc.org/abortion/aboramt.html

Life Cycle Analysis of the Fashion Industry

Life Cycle Analysis of the Fashion Industry BY caracal Industrial Ecology Practices in the Fashion Industry Introduction The industrial revolution in the sass brought a paradigm shift to the way humans interacted with the environment. The increased capability of producing and manufacturing on a large scale, the rise of multiple industries, growing demand and proliferation of hedonistic consumption patterns, has created a culture of surplus, want and waste. (Fallacy-Companion, 2012) From an environmental point of view, this resource hungry trend is unsustainable and has detrimental ecological impacts, such as pollution and climate change.These problems have highlighted the consequence of our insatiable demand for resources and the need to rethink current practices and thoughts in order to maintain current living standards and ensure future growth. The ideas of environmental management, industrial ecology and ecological footprint have been proposed to allow for a meticulous look to the products that we manufacture and use, with emphasis on measuring the ecological impacts in hopes of reducing them.A multitude of tools have since been created to measure efficiency in hopes to highlight areas for improvement, of which the ISO standard and Life cycle assessment are part of. Undoubtedly, many companies have adopted life cycle analysis (LLC) in order to assess and reduce their product's impact on the environment. The fashion industry, at its core, is based on the notion of continual consumption of the ‘new and the discard of the ‘old', especially with new seasonal lines coming out every 3 months.The industry celebrates creativity with the continuous turnover of trends, leading to the â€Å"premature product replacement and fashion obsolescence†. This constant change has major negative environmental and social impacts, particularly on those at the bottom of the supply chain. Ellwood et al, 2006; Whether and Leastwise, 2008) Moreover, delicates produc tion, often all over the world, is commonly practiced in line with the competitive advantages of different locales (such as low-cost labor, less stringent standards/regulations, strength in technology etc).Studies of Ellwood et al (2006), Madsen et al (2007) and Fletcher (2008) have highlighted issues of apparel waste as the majority of textile waste are not recycled or reuse but usually ends up in landfills. In this report, Nikkei Inc. And Levi Strauss & Co. Are chosen as case studies of the fashion industry for their efforts o apply LLC to their products. Life Cycle Assessment and IS014040 The International Organization for Standardization (SO) is an organization that aims to promote worldwide standards for proprietary, industrial and commercial purposes. ‘SO, 2013) The ISO 14000 series is a family of standards that related to environmental management, which aims to help organizations measure and minimize operations that will negatively affect the environment and comply with environmental regulations and audits required in the country of operation. For example, the ISO 14001 is integral to the European Union's CEO-Management and Audit Scheme (AMASS). AMASS, 2011) Before the development of the ISO 14000 series, most organizations had to rely on internal environmental management systems that made comparisons between companies difficult.The ISO 14040 standard focuses on Life Cycle Assessment. LLC is a technique to assess environment impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from its raw material extraction to its processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair, recycle and disposal. It is believed to encompass a larger scope of environmental concerns as the compiled inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases includes the attention impacts associated with the identified inputs and releases, which can then be interpreted to help make informed decisions and build corporate environmental strategies. EPA, 20 13) The method is most often used for the pinpointing potential for process improvements by assessing environmental impacts associated with all stages of a product's life. (Securing & Mueller, 2008) ISO 14040 standards shows how the LLC is to be carried out in four distinct phases as seen in Figure 1 before. Before any LLC can be carried out, an explicit goal and scope of the study, inclusive of technical details, has to be defined. This can then serve as a reference to guide the subsequent work.The functional unit, system boundaries, assumptions and limitations as well as the impact categories are identified and set in this first phase. The life cycle inventory analysis will then carry on from phase one by creating an inventory of all flows (input and output) between the stages of a product system, inclusive of all activities in the relevant supply chain and gives a clear picture of the system boundaries. Only when this is complete can the life cycle impact assessment be carried ou t.This is the most complex stage of the process as it aims to evaluate he significance of potential environmental impacts and calculate the input and output from the inventory. At the end of the assessment, the information gathered is evaluated and the assessment is objectively assessed before the identification of significant issues and problems, its evaluation and limitations are put forth. Figure 1 : The 4 phases of LLC (http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/ File:PhasesOfLifeCycleAnalysis. Eng) Current Context and Trends Environmental Management has progressed significantly over the years with regulations becoming more stringent and accountability expectations higher. Figure taken from Penman's (1999) report shows a simple evolution of environmental policies and their primary characteristics from the sass to present, whereby attitudes towards the environment have changes from merely managing the problem in the early days to one that is more actively involved in trying to prevent problems. Figure 2: Evolution of environmental management (Seaman, 1999) Within the industry and companies, Lamming ; Hampton (1996) stresses the need for companies to engage in environmental management as public pressure is and will continue to be a major factor. In their study, 75% of customers state that they would consider a Meany's environmental reputation when purchasing and 80% of those would be willing to pay a premium for an environmentally friendlier product.Although there are limitations to their study, in that the sentiment may only be shared by the European community of consumers, there is a trend whereby consumers are becoming more green conscious. Hawked et al (1999) in the book ‘Natural Capitalism' also calls for companies to embrace a new industrialism that will create profits and jobs while saving the environment, through the creation of a closed-loop supply chain that will generate more value and profit. By aggressive recycling, there is the potential of reducing up t o 90% of energy and materials consumption.Although individual organizations are recognizing the need and their responsibility to address environmental and sustainability issues, there remains a lack of systematic and coordinated effort across the board. At a larger and general scale, there has been an increase of government level interest and engagement to transition sustainability at the firm and facility level, to one that is more holistic and encompasses production sustainability throughout the value chain. Golden et al, 2011) President Obama issued Executive Order 13514 in 2009 that requires â€Å"the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, obtain 50% diversion rates of solid waste, pursue opportunities with vendors to reduce greenhouse gas (GOGH) emissions, ensure procurement preferences for energy-efficient products, and reduce consumption of paper with low recycled content†. Likewise the Securities Exchange Commission and the Federal Trade Commission are driving the use of sustainable product design and supply chains by the issuance of directives and interpretive guidance. Golden et al, 2011) Since the fiasco of â€Å"sweatshop† labor in the sass, leading to public outcry and clash on the fashion industry, there has been unison of calls for greater accountability. (Whether and Leastwise, 2008; Clownish et al, 2012) Especially in an industry where the consumers are the largest stakeholders; public opinion is crucial and highly influential. This helps the environmental cause when more consumers become green conscious and demand for a smaller ecological footprint. There is a need to cater to these consumers and for companies to set themselves apart from their competitors. Kumar & Amalgamate, 2006) Environmental consciousness has been worked into the corporate social responsibility (CAR) of many companies and increasingly, in the fashion industry, CEO-fashion is trying to capture a larger share of the mainstream market with fashionable and envi ronmental apparel. Regions, 2006) There is also the emergence of industry consortia such as the Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC), the Sustainability Consortium (TTS) and the Outdoor Industry Association (IA), all of which are multi-stakeholder organizations that are suited for establishing standardized metrics for regulation.Nikkei and Levies are both part of the SAC. Case study: LEVI STRAUSS & CO. Company Background The company, Levi Strauss & Co. Was founded by its namesake, Levi Strauss onetime in the mid-sass. It started off as a dry goods wholesaler before collaboration between Levi and Jacob Davis, a tailor, in 1872 saw the filing for its patented rivet pants- the start of the denim company that it is known for today. Over the years, the company have grown tremendously and has expanded its brands carried.Its current brands include Levi'†, [email  protected], Signature by Levi Strauss & Co. And [email  protected] The company has a vision to be â€Å"the embodiment of the energy and events of our times, inspiring people with a pioneering spirit† (Levi, 2013) and is committed to a variety of issues in its public policy approach that includes read, worker rights, equality and the environment. Since the sass, with the rise of global environmental concerns and problems, Levies have been working on reducing the environmental impact of its products.This was done by complying with environmental regulations, implementing a Code of Conduct for its suppliers- ensuring a reduction of water consumption and ending the use of harmful chemicals on its Restricted Substances List, switching to organic cotton when possible and increasing the amount of recycled materials in their end product. In 2007, as part of an attempt at a consolidated look at the company's environmental impact, a LLC was one on 2 products- a pair of Levi'† 5018 stonewashed Sears and the [email  protected] original khakis.This enabled the company to develop strategies that wi ll address the greatest impacts on the environment to ensure longevity in the industry. (Levi, 2013) Levies introduced its water;less Sears in 2011 and its waste;Less Sears in 2013. Waste;Less Sears has a minimum of 20% post-consumer recycled content (from PET bottles) instead of cotton. Ferries, 2013) Levies Life Cycle Assessment Levies product lifestyle assessment focuses on a quantitative method that looks at ass and energy balance using direct and indirect data over the â€Å"cradle to grave† lifespan of the product.A disclaimer on their website states that this LLC does not include social or economic impacts. In the input/output inventory aspect of the LLC, indirect data of mass and energy inputs are taken from extensive industry-average data sets. Together with the system analysis of the lifestyle assessment, in accordance with ISO 14040 requirements, the data is then translated to calculate the environmental impacts of the system. Figure 3 below shows the 6 stage syste m analysis of the 5018 Sears taken from the Levies website, that starts from the cotton production till the end of life after consumer use.Figure 3: LLC of a pair of Levies 501 Sears (http://alleviators. Com/sites/default/files/ liberationists/2012/4/ca-summary-2012-update. PDF) Phase 1: Goals and Scope Levies wanted their LLC to be done on a high volume product, produced for the U. S. Market during the 2006 production year. The Levi'† 5018, medium stonewashed Jean was chosen. The data compiled from Levi Strauss and Co. ‘s suppliers is processed via Gab 4 software datasets, following the ISO 14040 series standards. The LLC was conducted by PEP Americas from Boston, MA.The results were intended for internal use and with the option to share selected data publicly after addition reviews. Phase 2: Inventory Analysis Figure 4 shows the system boundary of the Levies 501 Jean, from the different places where cotton is sources, the different production plants, distribution chann els to its end. Figure 4: Levies 501 Jean System Boundary (Levi, 2013) Phase 3: Impact assessment After gathering information and data, Levies was able to measure the climate change, energy and water use of their best-selling Sears, with interesting results.A pair of original Levies has a global warming potential of 15 keg CA equivalent, consumes MAIM] of energy in its production process and only has 1% of its ingredients that are recycled. (Gaskin, 2012) Figures 5-7 show a breakdown of the weight of different factors and their impacts. Unsurprisingly, the growth of cotton was the most water intensive stage in the LLC, with the usage of the Jean being the next highest. Usage however was by far, the biggest contributor of energy use and climate change.This is due to the long lifespan of the Jean (denim as a material can be quite hardy) and the instant wash cycles can add up significantly over time. Figure 5: Impacts on energy use (Levi, 2013) Figure 6: Impacts on water use (Levi, 201 3) Figure 7: Impacts on climate change (Levi, 2013) Phase 4: Interpretation From the LLC, Levies realized that the majority of environmental impacts occur in the lifestyle phases that are outside their direct control. Reducing the overall environmental impact requires a two-pronged approach of focusing on internal operations whilst engaging consumers.Internally, Levi started looking at cotton production at the farmer's level, switching to organic cotton when possible and articulating in projects such as the â€Å"Better Cotton Initiative†, as cotton growing is water intensive. They also reduced product packaging and tweaked product design and manufacturing to reduce their water and energy use- the water

da vinci essays

da vinci essays The Renaissance was a time of learning and culture exchange. Many people discovered what it was like to be someone else. Many others discovered ideas and doctrines and spread them throughout the world. In this time period, people learned to care and give more importance to improvement in society than emphasizing on a persons rank. However, during the Middle Ages, society was more based on the peoples quality than the societys. The Renaissance gave birth to the printing press which led to a very well educated middle class. One middleclass man named Leonardo da Vinci became the spotlight of his time period. Unlike most people, he was interested in about everything that the Renaissance touched. One thing he was very fascinated by was the subject of science. He took great concern in the Scientific Revolution, which included three types of activities: scholasticism, humanism, and experimenting. Da Vinci took part in all three of these which gave him the title of the Renaissance Man. Da Vinci mastered in other areas and aspects of the Renaissance. He was also an artist who used his scientific knowledge to portray the perfect aspects of his works. He familiarized himself with the organs, muscles, tendons, and proportion of the human body. Because he was interested in anatomy, he based most of his works on that and so he achieved his goal of a perfect portrait, such like the Mona Lisa. His artwork always reflected the events or highlights of the Renaissance. The ideas of scholasticism, humanism, and experience are always depicted in his art work. His interest in anatomy also led him to the discovery of the circulation of the blood. But he stopped and accepted his theory that the heart was filled with invisible pores that pumped the blood in and out. Da Vinci was also a mathematician even though his education was not that of an educated man. He had befriended many who had very formal education and had learned to beco...

Heres What Happens If You Drop Francium in Water

Heres What Happens If You Drop Francium in Water Francium is element No. 87 on the periodic table. The element can be prepared by bombarding thorium with protons. An extremely small amount occurs naturally in uranium minerals, but it is so rare and radioactive that there has never been enough of it to actually see what would happen if a piece was dropped into water. However, scientists know for sure that the reaction would be energetic, possibly even explosive. ​ The piece of francium would blow apart, while  the  reaction with water would produce hydrogen gas, francium hydroxide, and a lot of heat. The entire area would be contaminated with radioactive material. Why Francium Reacts so Strongly The reason for the strong exothermic reaction  is because francium is an alkali metal. As you move down the first column of the periodic table, the reaction between the alkali metals and water becomes increasingly violent, as follows: A small amount of lithium will float on water and burn.Sodium burns more readily.Potassium breaks apart, burning with a violet flame.Rubidium ignites with a red flame.Cesium releases enough energy that even a small piece blows up in water.Francium is below cesium on the table and would react more readily and violently. This occurs because each of the alkali metals is characterized by having a single valence electron. This electron easily reacts with other atoms, such as those in water. As you move down the periodic table, the atoms become larger and the lone valence electron is easier to remove, making the element more reactive. In addition, francium is so radioactive that it is expected to release heat. Many chemical reactions are accelerated or enhanced by temperature. Francium would input the energy of its radioactive decay, which is expected to magnify the reaction with water.

Zoo Species Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Zoo Species Project - Research Paper Example Zoo Species Project Species are the smallest taxonomic division in biological classifications and is the level of classification with which an organism is identified as a distinct living or non- living organism over the earth’s surface. This is usually done by using the most salient and distinctive features that only such category of organisms possess on earth. The other taxonomic groups used in the classification of organisms include phylum, class, order, sub- order, family and genus to the kingdom and species at the extreme ends. This essay will cover the salient characteristics of the three identified species of, the okapi, the Komodo dragon, and the Double wattle cassowary. Okapi The okapi species can be taxonomically grouped to the Kingdom animalia, phylum chordata, class mammalia, order antiodactyla, sub- order ruminantia, family giraffidae, genus Giraffa carmelopardalis, and in the species Okapia johnstoni. The okapi is an herbivorous animal most common in tropical mountain forests of Afri ca. The animals are mainly common in central African tropical forests that have the favourable climatic conditions for the deer- like animals (Trooper and Murphy). They are mainly common in the Congo forest at an altitude of about 500 to 1000 meters above the sea level with most of them occupying areas with an altitude of 800 meters above the sea level mostly predominant in the Ituri forest of the DRC Congo. The animals can also be found in areas with slowly flowing waters. (Wood). Wood further notices in his book, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts that the okapis look similar to the giraffes having the long giraffe- like neck which not only help it reach out for leaves in the tall tropical forests but also useful in defence against the potential predators such as the lion, cheetahs, and other carnivorous predators. They have brown fur with white strips on their hind limbs and on the rear ends as the zebra that enables them to camouflage easily among the tall trees away from the pre dating animals. The animal is one of the only surviving ancestors of the giraffe family. The okapi is a very shy animal that is seldom seen by human beings. They spend most of their times in the forests usually very deep in the tropical forests where people seldom visit (Wood). Nearly a fifth of the tropical rainforest of the central Africa houses the okapi species. However, the number has been greatly threatened by the rapid rates of destruction caused by man on the tropical forests especially by deforestation leading to the ever-diminishing number of the okapi in Africa. As Eric and Laurie note in their book Windows to the Evolution of Diversity, the okapi is most active during the day and are mostly rendered inactive as the darkness approach. The animals like solitary lives during their lifetime and rarely walk, live or feed in colonies like the baboons or monkeys even though they sometimes feed together in groups just for a short period of time (Eric and Laurie). The animal is k nown to be feeding on over a hundred plant species some of which are considered poisonous to human being and other animals. They have long tongues that help them in feeding by increasing their heights enabling them to feed on tall plants. The gestation period for the female okapi is around sixteen months over which the females spend lots of their time in the thick woodlands deep in the forest certainly for the sake of the security of the pregnant female and the lamb after birth. Further, Trooper and Murphy underscore that these animals give birth to

Master of Business Administration in Marketing Essay - 1

Master of Business Administration in Marketing - Essay Example The business plan for the Post-Rock band, WhyOceans, is the result of extensive research via the internet, library and personal communication with a variety of individuals. With thorough research of the music industry, specifically the Post-Rock genre, Mr. Tommy Chu was able to develop a business plan supporting the promotion of WhyOceans. This business plan focuses on a plan for each of the areas supporting this promotion including marketing, management, technical and financial, to draw some booking agencies or record company managers. These people are able to book the band’s performances and create album sales throughout Macau and begin to spread the music to mainland China. This business plan will show that the band will become successful. Each year, its sales and revenue are planned increases that are an indication of the band’s success. WhyOceans consists of 6 members based in Macau. Their music combines rock and psychedelic elements and falls into the â€Å"Post-Rock† genre, with roots stretching back to the early days of the Pink Floyd. Post-Rock music is currently an expanding genre. WhyOceans will create a unique stylized image for itself that will help with promotion. WhyOceans’ songs are catchy, melodic and unique. That is the first selling point for the band. None of WhyOceans’ songs sound the same, and while they are stylistically similar there are noticeable differences. WhyOceans will employ an integrated mix of low-cost, highly effective tools and tactics for getting its message out to its growing audience. The band will target Post-Rock music listeners that geographically reside in China including Mainland China, Macau, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The age range of the target market is twenty to fifty years old. WhyOceans will the band will sell CDs and other merchandise through performances, which will consist of festivals and events at other places. The band will also sell records through record stores, and online stores. WhyOceans

Ice breaker Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ice breaker - Article Example It is a novel idea to subdivide larger groups into smaller ones so as to get more of the benefits and attain the goals quicker. Considerations in splitting the group are to enhance the generation of new ideas and talk about problems from different perspectives. Further, the grouping may be to attain a different mix of the particular groups. Ways of dividing a large group may include favorite drinks or dinners, their hobbies, their wear, complexion and even their favorite flavors. However, the list is not exclusive and can include other options beyond this scope. In addition, the inclusion process should cater for accessibility, communication, use of labels, acknowledging the difference and previous evaluation. Gaming is an important form of meeting whose participants include both those with or without disabilities. The idea behind it is to master the art of being a leader, cooperation, accepting defeat, working in shifts, cooperation, accommodating others and observing the terms and conditions. Further, you learn how to respect choices made by colleagues and better your skills. The point is to learn and adapt the situation around especially for the students who have disabilities. Other activities that are beneficial to this course is dividing the groups, chicken impulse, circling the circle and creating first impressions. Further, developing the art or knowing each other, marshmallow tower, paper pieces and thrashing your ego are very necessary. They all advance group solidarity, participation and establishing means of ice breaking when in different

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay Example for Free

Biculturism and Marginalization Essay * Ross-Sheriff (2011) commented that international migration patterns have * changed as a consequence of broad social, political, economic, and environmental * trends and explained the causes of the driving forces were including war, * globalization, urbanization, and changing cultural norms regarding social roles and * responsibilities (Ross-Sheriff, 2011). With these complex trends of migration * patterns, Van Hear (2010) viewed migration as a process which was an integral part * of broader social transformations, but which also had its own internal dynamics with * other factors related to the migrating process, shaping social transformation in their * own way. Migration was also linked in complex ways to class, gender, generation, * ethnicity and other social factors, which were embodied in positions in home and host * communities, and in work and domestic relationships, all of which might be * transformed in the course of the migratory process (Van Hear, 2010). To understand this complex process of migration, especially under changing circumstances of one culture to another, it might be useful to build conceptual tools for understanding these transitory processes in migration studies and in social science more widely (Van hear, 2010). They also include mediating agents and transitions that need also to be accounted for, as well as intersections among class, gender, generation, ethnicity and other social ruptures as well as the main driving forces of migration (Van Hear, 2010). Of course there were other important concepts such as relations between time and space, between dynamics or processes and outcomes, and between structure and agency that needed to get attention (Van Hear, 2010). However, it is impossible to discuss all different theoretical concepts involved in different types of migration process in the current limited study. Rather, this study tried to focus on psychological impacts such as ethnic identity and self-esteem on migration through acculturation processes particularly on family- related migration because different patterns of migration produced different communities and resulted in producing different migrant identities including varying levels of psychological distress (Jones, 2008). Further, few empirical studies have focused on migrant adults populations. Most migrants identification related literatures tended to relate more for adolescents or young children because identity formation might be particularly challenging in this cohort, especially when the values and beliefs of their natal culture differed significantly from those of the host society (Sodowsky, Kwan, Pannu, 1995; as cited in Farver, Narang, Bhadha, 2002). Therefore, this study focused on ethnic identity and self-identification issues of adult migrants’ themselves within a family structure according to different theoretical models relevant to adaptation of new cultures, because family was the basic instrument in the society (Nesdale, Rooney, Smith, 1997). In fact, most cultural acquisition theories developed and evolved in 1990s. when international migration became a key issue in international politics at the beginning of 1990s. As Castle (2002) argued that migration, development and international relations were closely connected as migration was a major factor of transformation for both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants (Castle, 2002). With this perspective, this study generally focused on those migration culture acquisition theories developed in 1990 rather then looking at current perspectives in the most recent literatures, which actually have evolved from these original theories in 1990s (Castle, 2002). As the findings from these research studies has had been mixed or sometimes contradictory, it was important to understand the exact nature of the relationship between migrant ethnic identification and the acculturation process both need to be specified and assessed properly with coherent measurements and theoretical assumptions (Nesdale et al. , 1997). Important theoretical concepts: ethnic identity, acculturation, biculturism, and marginalisation. According to Phinney (1990; as cited in Farver, Narang Bhadha., 2002), ethnic identity and acculturation were related but separate constructs. Ethnic identity involves an individual’s self-identification as a group member, a sense of belonging to an ethnic group, attitudes toward ethnic group of membership, and degree of ethnic group involvement (Farver et al. , 2002). The term acculturation was defined in anthropology as those phenomena, which resulted when groups of individuals having different cultures came into continuous first-hand contact with subsequent changes in the original pattern of either or both groups (Redfield, Linton, Herskovits, 1936; as cited in Birman, 1994). Although acculturation was a neutral term in this context (that is, change might take place in either or both groups), in practice, acculturation tended to induce more changes in one of the groups than in the other (Berry, 1990a; as cited in Berry, 1997) Berry (1997) argued that in all plural societies, cultural groups and their individual members, in both dominant and non-dominant situations, must deal with the issue of how to acculturate. According to Berry (1997), four acculturation strategies were introduced: assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration. When individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other new cultures, the assimilation strategy is defined. In contrast, when individuals place a value on holding on to their original culture, and at the same time wish to avoid interaction with others, then the separation is defined (Berry, 1997). When there is an interest in both maintaining one’s original culture, while in daily interactions with other groups, integration is the option; here, there is some degree of cultural integrity maintained, while at the same time seeking to participate as an integral part of the larger social network (Berry, 1997). Last, when there is little possibility or interest in cultural maintenance (often for reasons of enforced cultural loss), and little interest in having relations with others (often for reasons of exclusion or discrimination) then marginalization is defined (Berry, 1997). However, this acculturation categories model has been criticized methodologically (Rudmin, 2003, 2009; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because all four of Berry’s categories were represented in the same way by creating the two by two matrix of acculturation categories between high and low. However, the cut off point between high and low was arbitrary and would differ across samples, making comparisons across studies difficult, resulting in the fact that all four categories existed and were equally valid (Rudmin, 2003; as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) and suggesting that not all of Berry’s categories might exist in a given sample or population, and that some categories might have multiple subtypes (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In particular, Berry (1997) viewed the term â€Å"biculturism† as referring to acculturation that involved the individual simultaneously in the two cultures that were in contact in integrative ways, which appeared to be a consistent predictor of more positive outcomes than the three alternatives of assimilation, separation, or marginalization. Berry and his colleagues (Sam Berry, 1995) assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the results showed that bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress, anxiety and fewer psychological problems significantly, while marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which adversely affected their self-esteem (Farver et al. , 2002). However, Shiraev and Levy (2007) explained acculturative stress as a negative feeling that a marginalized person might experience as a distressing psychological reaction to any unfamiliar cultural environment based on the assumption that person and groups undergoing any social and cultural change should experience a certain amount of psychological distress. Generally, many early definitions of acculturation focused on exposure to two cultures simultaneously as a culture shock, which was a reactive state of specific pathology or deficit, rather than taking advantage of being bicultural (Berry Annis, 1974; Shiraev et al., 2007). The validity of marginalization as an approach to acculturation by Berry (1997) was also questioned (Del Pilar Udasco, 2004; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). Schawartz et al. argued that the likelihood that a person would develop a cultural sense of self without drawing on either the heritage or receiving cultural contexts would be less likely to. The marginalization approach might be true only for the small segment of migrants who rejected both their heritage and receiving cultures (Berry, 2006b). Indeed, studies using empirically based clustering methods have found small or nonexistent marginalization groups and scales that attempted to measure marginalization typically had poor reliability and validity compared with scales for the other categories (Cuellar, Arnold, Maldonado, 1995; Unger et al. , 2002; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). As described earlier, the impact of migrant ethnic identity on psychological distress had comparatively diverse points of views if they were either negative or positive reactions, depending on different theoretical frames. For example, Social Identity Theory (Tajfel Turner, 2001) and Self-Categorization Theory (Turner, 1987) emphasized more on the importance to individuals of their identification with particular social groups. Social Identity Theory (Tajfel Turner, 2001; as cited in Yip, Gee, Takeuchi, 2008) viewed a possible explanation for why ethnic identity might buffer the effects of discrimination. According to this theory,individuals chose from an array of possible social identity groups and, once those groups were chosen, individuals focused on the positive aspects of their in-group, which helped to boost their own esteem, suggesting that ethnic identity was more important to their overall identity (Yip et al. , 2009). In contrast, if ethnicity was a central component of ones identity, it might actually exacerbate the effects of discrimination, resulting in a greater negative impact on mental health, according to self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, Wetherell, 1987; as cited in Yip et al., 2008), suggesting that people should be more in tune with environmental cues that were relevant to an important aspect of their identity. That is, experiences of racial discrimination might be such a cue relevant to their ethnic identity. Indeed, research suggested that African American adults and adolescents who reported strong racial centrality were also more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination (Neblett, Shelton, Sellers, 2004; Sellers, Caldwell, Schmeelk-Cone, Zimmerman, 2003; Sellers Shelton, 2003; as cited in Yip et al., 2008). However, despite this emphasis by social theorists, they tended to forget the larger literature that involved with both ethnicity and the acculturation process (Liebkind, 1993; 1996; as cited in Nesdale, Rooney Smith, 1997). First of all, these different findings resulted from lack of inclusion of acculturation itself as a variable methodologically when acculturation was considered as a phenomenon in research designs (Sam and Berry, 2006). Without including acculturation as a variable, the explanations for human behavior similarities and differences across populations would remain incomplete (Sam et al. , 2006). Second, a further criticism of the acculturation literatures was that the same two acculturation processes, and the same four-acculturation categories, characterized all migrants equally—regardless of the type of migrant, the countries of origin and settlement, and the ethnic group in question, according to Berry’s (1980) model and other similar approaches (Sam et al., 2006). Finally, the vast majority of studies in the acculturation literature have focused on behavioral acculturation (Schwartz et al. , 2010). That is, most widely used acculturation measures included primarily (or only) items assessing language use and other cultural practices (e. g. , Cuellar, Arnold, Maldonado, 1995; Stephenson, 2000; Szapocznik, Kurtines, Fernandez, 1980; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) due to accepting the fact that cultural practices might provide only a fair proxy for cultural adaptation (Schwartz et al., 2010). Theoretical frameworks for acculturation research Shiraev Levy (2007) claimed that cross-cultural psychologists usually used three approaches to examine human activities in various cultural settings. They were the sociobiological approach, the sociological approach and eco-cultural approach (Shiraev et al. , 2007). In particular, the eco-cultural approach emphasized both the environment and the individual were seen as open and interchanging systems (Shiraev et al., 2007), introducing John Berry whom originally developed this theory further in contemporary cross-cultural psychology. Shiraev et al. (2007) also pointed out that specialists should to be able to explain how, why, and to what extent people differed from one another, when ecological, biological, cultural, and acculturation factors were identified and taken into consideration (Berry, J. W. , Poortinga, Y. H. , Segall, M. H. , Dasen. P. R. ,1992; as cited in Shiraev et al. , 2007). In related to the concerns pointed by Shiraev et al. (2007), Berry (1997) argued earlier there were important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development, demonstrating what happened to individuals who developed in one cultural context when attempting to re-establish their lives in another one through his acculturation research framework, by confirming the fact that acculturation was one of the most complex areas of research in cross-cultural psychology because the process involved more than one culture and in two distinct senses (Berry, 1997). According to Berry (1997), the concept of acculturation was employed to refer to the cultural changes resulting from different ethnic groups encountered, while the concepts of psychological acculturation and adaptation were employed to refer to the psychological changes and eventual outcomes that occur as a result of individuals experiencing acculturation. In another words, acculturation phenomena resulted from contact between two or more cultures and research on acculturation had to be comparative in order to understand variations in psychological outcomes that were the result of cultural variations in the two groups in contact (Berry, 1997). In particular, this framework viewed the integration model of acculturation strategies the most desirable among other strategies, considering it the same as the biculturalism model (Berry, 1997). For example, Berry and his colleagues (Berry, 1980; Berry, J. W. , Kim, U. , Power, S. , Young, M, Bujaki, M. , 1989; Berry, Kim, Minde, Mok, 1987; Sam Berry, 1995 as cited in Farver et al., 2002) Assessed the acculturation strategies of various immigrant groups in North America and the result showed that integration was the most psychologically adaptive attitude, arguing that integrated or bicultural individuals experienced less acculturative stress and anxiety and manifested fewer psychological problems than those who were marginalized, separated, or assimilated, whereas marginalized individuals suffered the most psychological distress, including problems with self-identification and cultural alienation, which also affected their self-esteem (Farver et al., 2002). However, Phinney, Cantu, and Kurtz (1997) found that American identity was associated with self-esteem only for non-Hispanic Whites, but not for other ethnic groups. These mixed results as explained above raised two issues in the acculturation literatures. First of all, cultural practices might offer only a substitute for cultural adpatations, as Portes and Rumbaut (2001 as cited in Schwartz et al., 2010) mentioned that many Asian American young adults in their sample were not proficient in their native languages, even though they still perceived their identification with their parents’ countries of origin and maintained many of their values (Schwarz et al. , 2010). Secondly, most researchers on biculturism did not sufficiently define an accurate operational definition of biculturism so that interpretation of those research results were problematic (Birman, 1994). Indeed, one finding in the United States, was that self-identification as American was markedly higher in non-Hispanic Whites than in ethnic minority groups (e. g. , Devos Banaji, 2005; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) and many White Americans did not perceived themselves as members of an ethnic group (Schildkraut, 2007; as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010). In brief, different operational definition problems of acculturation arose from different theoretical models of acculturation regarding to their assumptions (LaFromboise, Coleman, Gerton, 1993). LaFromboise et al. (1993) assumed acculturation as one of substitutes among the biculturism models. Biculturism as defined in this theory was viewed as the alternation model, which implied an individual in two culture contacts could be competent in both cultures without losing one of the cultures’ competencies in distinct cultural contexts as alternation model, whereas, fusion model meant a blended cultural identity, consisting of a synthesis of aspects of both cultures (LaFromboise et al., 1993). However, Berry’s (1997) integrating approach of biculturism differed from the bicultural model (LaFromboise et al. , 1993; as cited in Birman, 1994) and it emphasized more on the relationship between the two cultural groups based on its implicit assumption that one of two cultures were higher than the other within a single social structure (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). Benet-Martinez and colleagues found that â€Å"blended† bicultural individuals tended to report higher self-esteem and lower psychological distress than a marginal population (Chen et al. , 2008 as cited in Schwartz et al. , 2010) because the consistent availability of both cultural flows within the person’s everyday life increased the ease of activating the correct cultural schema in accordance with their environmental situations (Schwartz et al. , 2010). In contrast, Tadmor, Tetlock, and Peng (2009) argued that the bicultural model considered those marginal individuals in positive ways, when there was little interest in cultural maintenance and little interest in having relations with others, suggesting positive aspects of being a marginal person might be (1) sharing his or her condition with others of the same original culture; (2) engaging in institutional practices that were shared by other marginal people; (3) experiencing no major frustration from social expectations; and (4) still perceiving himself or herself to be a member of a group (LaFromboise et al., 1993). According to Sam and Berry (2006), many studies of how migrants coped with intercultural contacts had discrepancies in the ways in which they were operationalized and measured. As no standardized or widely accepted acculturation measures existed, it was necessary to design a clear and explicit formulation of acculturation instrument in order to assess acculturation adequately (Sam et al. , 2006). Further Sam and Berry (2006) pointed out that most empirical studies widely used a self-report type of questionnaires that had been recognized limitations such as social desirability, emphasizing obtaining divergent validation by source of information other than the respondents’ reports. Therefore, it is vital to understand each theory within its specific assumptions and not to generalize across all situations regardless of their similar findings (LaFromboise et al. , 1993). As this study discovered migrants’ acculturation processes so far within specific theoretical frameworks, literature findings in different research were mixed as to whether individuals could be highly acculturated and at the same time be strongly identified with their ethnic group (Farver, Narang, Bhadha. , 2002). These confusing problems initially evolved because of the context in which migration arrangements and their acculturation processes were fundamentally transformed and increasingly uncertain due to globalization (Landolt Da, 2005). Shiraev Levy (2007) suggested a new approach to cross-cultural psychology in the twenty-first century, which was linked to the concept of globalization. Globalization was defined as a proliferation of cross-border flow and transnational networks due to new technologies of communication and transport that allowed frequent and multi-directional streams of people, ideas and cultural symbols (Castle, 2010). Castle also argued that globalization leads to major changes in the character of international migration. In other words, the context for migrant incorporation has already changed radically and will continue to do so. The rise of multiculturalism itself rather than assimilation or biculturism is one sign of this, but is not the end of the story: new forms of identity and belonging go beyond multiculturalism (Castle, 2010). Even though there is limited empirical evidence for clear statements for globalization, there probably are highly cosmopolitan groups who feel at home everywhere such as global business and professional elites might correspond with this image. But most members of transnational communities fall between these extremes, and probably have contradictory and fluctuating identities (Castle, 2002). Conclusions This study explored that a special case of cultural psychology was the study of how individuals respond to situations where they were in transition between their original culture and another that differed from it in some respects in terms of acculturation, especially within a specific theoretical frame that could apply to the specific situation (Adler Gielen, 1994). There was no single theory widely accepted by all social scientists to agree with the emergence and perpetuation of international migration patterns in the world under globalization (Van Hear, 2010),suggesting that the contemporary migrating context in which such migrating arrangements were realized fundamentally kept transforming so that it became increasingly uncertain (Landolt and Da, 2005). Although the topic of cultural contact and individual’ change has attracted considerable attention in contemporary cross-cultural psychology, the field has been characterized by a lack of theoretical coherence, definitional problems with key constructs, and single sample studies that limit the external validity of empirical cross-cultural research (Ward and Kenney, 1994). As acculturation is a process which takes place over time, and which results in changes both in the culture and in the individual culture changes, it would be ideal o compare two sets of data are compared over time using the same people. However, in practice, it is impossible in most acculturation research settings (Sam et al. , 2006). Instead, a common alternative to longitudinal research is cross-sectional research in which a time-related variable, such as length of residence or generational status can be used for the generalizability of acculturation theories (Sam et al., 2006). In general, researchers of migrating studies need to be aware that it is the selective nature of the sample that happens across all migrating research. That is, individuals who chose to migrate would be different from those who do not (Sodowsky, G. , Kwan, K. , Pannu, R. , 1995; as cited in Farver et al. , 1997). Finally, acculturation research generally focused on immigrants assumed to be permanently settled in their new host countries. As a result, the terms â€Å"migrants† or â€Å"international migrants† referred to the same type of migrants collectively. Moreover, many countries were both sending and receiving countries for different types of migrants, or in the process of transition from one type to the other (Castel, 2002). Therefore, where applicable, it is viable to design acculturation research studies classifying different types of migrants. References Adler, L. L. , Gielen, U. P. (Eds. ). (1994). Cross-cultural topics in psychology. Westport: Praeger Publishers. Berry, J. W. 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